1 2588-4042 Iranian association of Physiology and Pharmacology 828 Endocrine Effects of musclin, exercise-induced myokine on glycosylated haemoglobin of hyperlipidemic rats with type 1 diabetes Kazemi Fahimeh b Ebrahim Khosro c b 1. Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran c 2. Department of Biological Sciences in Sport and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 1 9 2021 5 1 8 19 01 2026 01 09 2021 Background and aims: Musclin is a factor secreted by skeletal muscle and a potent regulator of glucose metabolism that responds to exercise. Therefore, exercise-induced musclin may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of musclin, exercise-induced myokine on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of hyperlipidemic rats with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Twenty-one male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups of 7 rats per each: non-diabetic, diabetic and training diabetic. Type 1 diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). After familiarization, training diabetic rats ran increasingly on a rodent treadmill for 4 weeks (5 consecutive days per week). After the 4-week period, serum glucose, insulin and musclin (using Elisa kit), and lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were measured and HbA1c was determined. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance. Results: Increased serum musclin in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats increased HbA1c compared to non-diabetic rats (p < 0.05). After 4 weeks of exercise training, HbA1c decreased along with a decrease in serum musclin in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats (p < 0.05), so that a decrease in serum glucose and insulin in diabetic rats was associated with a improvement in lipid profile resulting in a decrease in HbA1c (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Four weeks of aerobic training by regulating circulating musclin improved lipid profile and HbA1c in type 1 diabetes. Hence, musclin, exercise-induced myokine could decrease HbA1c in hyperlipidemic rats with type 1 diabetes.  
829 Neuroscience Intergenerational transfer of cognitive phenotypes from Lamarck theory to epigenetic mechanisms Riyahi Javad d Abdoli Behrouz e Haghparast Abbas f d Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science and Technology in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran e Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science and Technology in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran f Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran 1 9 2021 5 9 24 19 01 2026 01 09 2021  The notion that non-genetic and non-cultural mechanisms can transmit the memory of exposure to diverse environmental conditions to subsequent generations has excited considerable interest and has brought the Lamarck’s idea back into the limelight. It is widely accepted that the environmental experiences of parents have strong effects on the physiological, metabolic, and cellular functions of living organisms, which are transmitted through epigenetic modifications to the next generations. The epigenetic modifications prone to change in environmental conditions and transmitted to next generations include DNA methylation, histone modification, and small non-coding RNAs. Currently, one of the most exciting topics in the field of epigenetic transmission is the transfer of memory phenotypes and learning and memory capabilities. Inheriting epigenetic traits allows living organisms to transmit compatible or incompatible information with the ancestral environment to their offspring. Studies showed that exposure to environmental stimuli by parents before fertilization would lead to changes in their children's cognitive capacities. Interestingly, learning cognitive tasks in parents improved the learning and facilitated memory consolidation in offspring. The methylation DNA, histone methylation and histone acetylation are three major epigenetic processes involved in the regulation of learning and memory consolidation. These processes modify genome features or interactions between the genome and the histone nucleus, and then induce structural changes in chromatin, leading to transcriptional changes in various genes that affect memory formation. The transfer of these chromatin modifications from parents to offspring facilitates the offspring learning process and memory consolidation. 830 Neuroscience Investigation the interactive effect of Salvia officinalis (sage) and the rhizome of Cyperus rotundus L. hydroalcoholic extracts on stress-induced memory impairment in adult male mice Taheri Dariush g Khajehpour Lotfollah h Seyyednejad Mansour i g Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran h Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran i Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 1 9 2021 5 25 33 19 01 2026 01 09 2021 Background and aims: Salvia officinalis  leaves and Cyperus rotundus  rhizomes have a wide range of biological effects such as memory formation. Given to importance of herbal plants, in the present study we investigated effect of concomitant administration of  ineffective doses of  the extracts of  Salvia officinalis  leaves and  Cyperus rotundus rhizomes on memory impairment induced by stress.  Methods: Adult male mice in two control and treatment groups received ineffective doses of the extracts of Salvia officinalis leaves and Cyperus rotundus rhizomes alone and together by gavage, for 7 or 21 days. Then animals received acute stress. Passive avoidance memory was evaluated by shuttle-box apparatus.  Results: Acute stress significantly impaired memory. Neither  Salvia officinalis  extract nor Cyperus rotundus  extract could improve memory alone. However, concurrent administration of the extracts improved destructive effect of acute stress on memory recall. Memory improving effect of the 21-days administration was significantly more than the effect of the 7-days administration.  Conclusion:  Concurrent administration of the extracts of  Salvia officinalis  and  Cyperus rotundus  improves destructive effects of acute stress on passive avoidance memory in a time dependent manner.    831 Neuroscience A review on the relationship between circadian rhythms and opioid addiction Rahmati-Dehkordi Fatemeh j Garmabi Behzad k Semnanian Saeed l Azizi Hossein m j Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran k Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran l Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran m Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 1 9 2021 5 34 43 19 01 2026 01 09 2021 Many organisms have rhythmic fluctuations in their physiological and behavioral functions, Known as circadian rhythms. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is the central pacemaker, which synchronized these rhythms to the environmental light/dark cycle. The main factor in the regulation of circadian rhythms is the family of genes called clock genes. In addition to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, these genes are expressed in many areas of the body as well as different areas of the brain. The clock genes are expressed in addiction-related areas including the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex. Thus, it seems that these areas are also under the control of the circadian rhythm. Opioid addiction is a chronic physical and mental illness that remains a great threat to communities around the world. Investigations have been shown that many factors involved in opioid addiction such as orexin, dopamine, and serotonin, are regulated by circadian rhythms. Accordingly, in this review article, we will describe briefly some factors associated with circadian rhythms and opioid addiction. 832 Neuroscience Monophosphoryl lipid A switches microglia to secrete chemokines Khoshkroodian Bahar n Sayyah Mohammad o Gholami Pourbadie Hamid p n Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran o Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran p Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 1 9 2021 5 45 52 20 01 2026 01 09 2025 Background and aims: Soluble amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers are the most common forms of Aβ in early stage of Alzheimer disease (AD). They are highly toxic to the neurons, but their capability to activate microglia remains controversial. Synaptic function and memory performance are disrupted by soluble form of Aβ. Full and partial toll like receptor (TLR) ligands can stimulate microglia to produce different cytokine and chemokine profiles. This study was designed to investigate the expression of interlukin-6 (IL-6) as a cytokine and protein 10 interferon gamma (IP-10) as a chemokine from BV-2 microglia cell line in the presence and absence of Aβ. Methods: The BV-2 cell line was cultured in a 24-well plate, treated for 24 h with different doses (0.1, 1, 10 µg) of Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as TLR4 ligands, and Pam3cys as a TLR2 ligand. Then supernatant was collected and cells were incubated with 1µM Aβ oligomer for 24 h. IL-6 and IP-10 expression was measured by ELISA in the supernatant before and after Aβ treatment. Results: LPS and Pam3cys 10µg/µl induced a robust release of IL-6 from BV-2 microglia cells. However, MPL at all doses had a lowest effect on secretion of IL-6 from BV-2 microglia cells. On the other hand, pretreatment of BV-2 cells with MPL as a partial TLR4 ligand caused release of significant amount of IP-10 chemokine from BV-2 cells. Conclusion: It can be said that priming microglia to produce less pro-inflammatory cytokines while showing higher chemokine or phagocytic activity leads to decrease in Aβ deposition and might prevent AD progression.   833 Neuroscience Therapeutic effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum aqueous extract on cognitive deficits in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease Azizi Zahra Choopani Samira Majlessi Nahid Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 1 9 2021 5 53 61 20 01 2026 01 09 2025 Background and aims: Recent studies have shown Cinnamomum zeylanicum antioxidant/anti-inflammatory activities, and inhibition of tau accumulation and Amyloid beta (Aβ)   aggregation. Therefore, it seems that this plant can improve cognition in rat model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). For this purpose, the ability of an aqueous extract of cinnamon in attenuating Aβ-induced learning impairment was evaluated in a rat model of AD. Methods: Aβ-protein fragment 25-35 was injected into the CA1 region of rats’ hippocampus and the effect of different doses of cinnamon extract (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) on cognitive function was assessed in the Morris water maze. Animals were subjected to 5 days of training; 4 days with the invisible platform to test spatial learning and the 5th day with the visible platform to test motivation and sensorimotor coordination. Results: The results showed an significant increase in escape latency, traveled distance, orientation angle and decrease in target quadrant entries in Aβ-received rats. Cinnamon extract was able to significantly reduce the effect of Aβ. Conclusion: The results indicates learning and memory impairment in Aβ25-35 groups. These impairments were reversed by administration of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extract. Our results suggest that cinnamon may be a valuable agent for alleviating symptoms of Aβ.   834 Others... Approaches to the use of herbal antiviral compounds against Covid 19 using therapeutic experiences in coronavirus infections of animals Gholami-Ahangaran Majid Sandra Mani Janice Johnson Joel Naiker Mani Ahmadi-Dastgerdi Asiye 1. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran 2. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia 2. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia 2. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia 3. Department of Food Science and Technology, Ardestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardestan, Iran 1 9 2021 5 62 77 20 01 2026 01 09 2021 Phytogenic compounds are a valuable and powerful source of effective compounds with diverse biological properties that some of which have good antiviral properties. Modifying the chemical structure of these compounds with computer-based simulations may increase their strength or effectiveness. Due to the great variety of plants, finding an effective plant compound against coronavirus is practically similar to "finding a needle in a haystack". So, considering previous studies on coronaviruses in animals can help in finding of effective plants and phytogenic compounds against SARS-CoV 2. In this study, 28 articles related to anti-coronavirus herbal treatments in animals were selected and analyzed by searching for keywords related to anti-coronavirus herbal treatments in PubMed database. Previous studies have shown that some of the key compounds have shown promising effects in the treatment of coronaviruses including curcumin, hesperidin, artemisinin, silosterol, cineole (eucalyptol), alstotide, lectins such as griffithsin, GNA (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin), lycorine and polyphenolics e.g. quercetin. Before conducting clinical trials in humans, in vitro and in vivo tests are needed to determine the level of immunity, safety, and therapeutic level for each compound. Preliminary studies may focus on compounds that have already been approved for pharmaceutical use or have been identified as safe compound. Researchers may use natural derivatives to produce safe and effective anti-coronavirus agents using the information presented in this review.   835 Neuroscience Electrical Synapses of the dentate gyrus do not change morphine state-dependent learning Sedighipour Maryamalsadat Beheshti Siamak Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 1 9 2021 5 78 87 20 01 2026 01 09 2021 Background and aims: Morphine exerts some of its effects via gap junctions. In this study, the effect of blocking the electrical synapses of the dentate gyrus was evaluated on morphine state-dependent learning. Methods: Male rats weighing 200-250g were used. The passive avoidance task was used to evaluate memory. Two guide cannulas were implanted in the dentate gyrus, stereotaxically. In an experiment, animals received different doses of morphine, post-training and 24 hours later memory retrieval was evaluated. In another experiment, animals received morphine (7.5 mg/kg), post-training. One day later, 30 min before the test, different doses of morphine was injected. In another experiment, animals received quinine (100µM, 1mM and 10mM) in the test day and 40 min later memory retrieval was evaluated. In the last experiment, animals were injected with morphine (7.5 mg/kg), post-training. In the test day, different doses of quinine and 10 min later morphine (7.5 mg/kg) were injected. Results: Post-training injection of morphine (0.5, 2.5, 5, 7.5 mg/kg) impaired memory retrieval dose-dependently. Also, morphine induced a state-dependent memory. Blocking the electrical synapses of the dentate gyrus did not prevent the development of morphine state-dependent memory. Conclusion: It seems that closing of the electrical synapses of the dentate gyrus does not affect memory retrieval induced by morphine on the test day.   836 Exercise physiology Acute and chronic effects of different types of physical activity on beta-endorphin Jafari Mohsen Department of Sport Sciences, Shirvan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shirvan, Iran 1 9 2021 5 88 96 20 01 2026 01 09 2021 Endogenous opioids are responsible for diverse physiologic actions through activation of specific receptors. Acute consumption of opioids has no serious complication. Chronic use of opioids though is accompanied by tolerance to some effects (such as constipation, nausea and dry mouth), it leads to addiction and brain dysfunction. On the other hand, stopping the chronic use of opioids causes withdrawal signs (including sweating, anxiety, nausea, muscular pain, insomnia, diarrhea, agitation and hot flush) without get rid of psychological dependence. It is well known that exercise activities (EAs) are associated with euphoria and delight through activation and release of endogenous opioids. Therefore, EAs can be effective in prevention and treatment of addiction. Beta-endorphin is one the most important endogenous opioids. It is an endogen neuropeptide with narcotic properties that is found in central and peripheral nervous system. Despite numerous studies on the effects of EAs on beta-endorphin, understanding impact of the different types of EAs on beta-endorphin and other endogen opioids requires further studies. In this article acute and chronic effects of EAs on beta-endorphin are reviewed. It is well accepted that acute and chronic EAs increase beta-endorphin level. Mechanism(s) responsible for rising beta-endorphin after acute and chronic EAs are somewhat different.